Liu Manqing, born in Lhasa in 1906. Tibetan. Tibetan name Yongjin.

Elder brother: Liu Dechang, date of birth unknown; younger sister: Liu Manyun, born in Lhasa in 1910.

Site of the former office of the Qing dynasty ministers stationed in Tibet, where Liu Manqing’s father worked.

Liu Manyun (front row, first right), Liu Manqing (back row, first right).

Liu Manqing’s parents followed Islam. The image shows the Hebalin Mosque in Lhasa.

Her mother’s surname was Li, and she came from Kangding, Sichuan. Tibetan.

Britain invaded Tibet for the second time between 1903 and 1904. The Tibetan army and civilians led by the 13th Dalai Lama fought back courageously. However, the Dalai Lama was forced to leave Tibet after being defeated, and he traveled to the mainland. He did not return to Lhasa until 1909. In the image, the man riding the horse is You Tai, the Qing dynasty imperial resident in Tibet, who adopted a compromise policy and proposed to the Qing government that “if we want to convince the 13th Dalai Lama, we shall not allow him the freedom to fight and lose, otherwise there will be no end to it.”

After the first war following the British invasion of Tibet in 1888, a commercial representative office was set up in Yadong. It was not until the complete handover by the Indian Government in June 1957 that China was able to fully exercise its governance in Yadong.

On February 12, 1910, the vanguard of the Sichuan army of the Qing Government entered Lhasa, and the 13th Dalai Lama, who had just returned to Tibet, fled to India.

The Jokhang Temple in Lhasa, which Liu Manqing visited in her childhood.

The Potala Palace and Barkhor Street in Lhasa at the end of the Qing dynasty.

When the 1911 Revolution broke out, internal dissension spread through the Qing troops stationed in Tibet. The 13th Dalai Lama expelled Qing officials and Sichuan troops stationed in Tibet, and sent Tibetan troops to attack western Sichuan.

On July 3, 1914, the Tibetan local government and the British secretly established new trade regulations during the “Shimla Conference.” The Chinese Government immediately informed the British Foreign Ministry, issuing the following statement:“The Government of China cannot arbitrarily give up one of its territories and shall never agree to sign the agreement. The Government of China refuses to recognize any agreement which Britain and Tibet might conclude independently either now or in the future.”

In 1912, Yuan Shikai, temporary president of the Republic of China, commanded the Western Expedition, and the Sichuan and Chongqing troops won one battle after another. On August 7, the British Ambassador to China, John Newell Jordan, rushed to submit a memorandum to China on five issues relating to Tibet, with an eye to denying China’s sovereignty over Tibet and to prevent the Government of the Republic of China from sending troops to the Sichuan border to suppress rioters and enter Tibet.

In July 1913, Sun Yat-sen started a fight against Yuan Shikai, and one after another the southern provinces declared independence. Later, the National Protection War, the Constitution Protection War, and the War of the Northern Warlords broke out in succession, leading China into a period of frequent civil wars throughout the country.